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HSDPA(High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

Technology
The High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) lacks two basic features of other W-CDMA channels — variable spreading factor and fast power control. Instead, it delivers the improved downlink performance using adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), fast packet scheduling at the base station, and fast retransmissions from the base station, known as hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ).

Hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
HARQ uses incremental redundancy, where user data is transmitted multiple times using different codings. When a corrupted packet is received, the user device saves it and later combines it with the retransmissions, to recover the error-free packet as efficiently as possible. Even if the retransmitted packets are corrupted, their combination can yield an error-free packet

Secara teoritis, range jarak akses WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) dapat mencapai 30 km (sama dengan range untuk GSM) dengan kecepatan bandwith 75 Mbit/s. Semakin jauh terminal dari base station, semakin lemah sinyal dari WiMAX. Jadi sinyal dengan rasio 3,5GHz akan jauh lebih cepat daripada GSM. Sementara untuk HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) memiliki kecepatan maksimum 14,4 Mbit/s dalam jarak kurang dari 1 km dari base station. Dalam jarak 6 km, aliran data akan drop ke kecepatan 1 Mbit/s.HSDPA memiliki beberapa prinsip yakni jika user tidak mendapat bandwith yang lebih tinggi, teknologi HSDPA masih dapat menggunakan layanan transmisi data, namun dengan bandwith yang lebih rendah (pada level WCDMA atau GPRS/EDGE), HSDPA hanya mampu mengirim transmisi data dalam hitungan dosin kilobit per second (Kbps).Jumlah user. Teknologi HSDPA dapat digunakan untuk banyak user secara bersama-sama, sementara WiMAX paling bagus penggunaannya dalan jumlah yang terbatas, atau dalam ratusan terminal. Terlebih lagi terdapat masalah serius yang terjadi pada WiMAX dalam jaringan corporate, ketika angka user semakin bertambah. Jika semua user tiba-tiba memutuskan untuk download file besar dari Internet, hal tersebut akan berimbas pada aliran data. Namun, dalam kasus HSDPA (fitur ini adalah turunan dari CDMA) untuk kasus tersebut, semua user akan mendapat aliran data yang lambat, sedangkan pada WiMAX router dalam situasi yang sama, kemungkinan akan gagal untuk menanganinya.Bandwith. Bandwith WiMAX dan HSDPA memiliki lebar yang sama dari base station. WiMAX tidak memiliki banyak range frekuensi, namun WiMAX memilik banyak cara untuk mengembangkannya yakni dengan membentuk range baru dari 10GHz ke 66GHz, skema modulasi baru dan MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple Output). Sedangkan HSDPA, yang merupakan pengembangan dari WCDMA, mampu mengatasinya untuk masalah efisiensi.Multimedia. Kedua teknologi memiliki kapasitas yang sama untuk transmitting data multimedia. WiMAX dan HSDPA memiliki prioritas QoS dan trafik. Pilihan antara kedua komunikasi data, baik dalam WCDMA/HSDPA atau VOIP/WiMAX adalah hal yang teknis, namun dalam segi ekonomi, trafik WiMAX lebih murah daripada HSDPA.Keamanan. HSDPA tidak menyediakan fungsi keamanan tambahan. Autentikasi user dilakukan dari SIM card (atau RUIM). Data masing-masing user akan dikodekan secara berbeda menurut standard CDMA, dan bekerja jauh lebih baik daripada algoritma kriptografi, kecuali jika ada penyusup yang masuk ke base station atau suatu ketika penyusup tersebut mendapatkan kode channel (seperti agen khusus). Sementara WiMAX telah support dengan algortima kriptografi modern (contohnya AES dengan kunci 1024 bit). WiMAX akan menyenangkan user yang ingin menyimpan kerahasiaan datanya, namun kerahasiaan data user tersebut tidak bertahan lama, seperti perumpamaan tidak ada keamanan yang tidak bisa dijebol.

There is a good chance that the words that you are reading now are coming over a broadband connection, like a DSL/cable Internet service. However, if you were in a remote farm in New Zealand, searching the Web for the right fertilizer to raise your crops, you might be using a dial-up connection over a noisy telephone line. But with WiMax, which is capable of transmitting large amounts of data over long distances, you could be surfing the web looking for the appropriate fertilizer, over a 75Mbps connection without a wire!
In major metropolitan areas in the United States and many other countries, broadband access has been dominated by wired technologies such as DSL/cable, which use existing infrastructure such as telephone lines/television cable network to provide high speed Internet access. WLAN/WiFi® is another term often associated with high speed Internet though it is limited to local area networks (LAN). Whereas DSL/cable technologies operate at WAN/MAN (metropolitan area network) ranges. WiFi is designed to work with DSL/cable to share the Internet connection between several computers in a local home/office network

1. Masukkan SIMCARD IM2 Broom kedalam modem HSDPA (sy pake Huawei e220 :-) )

2. Koneksikan ke PC / Notebook anda

3. Wait...bentar aja, plug and play kok....tinggal di next-next terus pe FINISH...

4. Restart

5. Lepas modem dari PC/Notebook (Disconnect)

6. Masukkan lagi / pasang lagi modem ke PC/Notebook

7. Tunggu pe muncul detecting hardware...klo udah siap jng langsung klik connect

8. Setting dulu lewat TOOLS -- OPTIONS

9. pROFILE mANAGEMENT - nEW - isi Profile Name (bebas) - APN (pilih Static - isi : indosatm2) - Authentication ( Access Number *99# ; Username : (diisi waktu aktivasi pertama kali) ; pass : (diisi jg waktu pertama kali aktivasi) - Klik SAVE

10. tERUS Klik CONNECT .... wait...modem msh cari signal terbaik...(paling baik HSDPA)

klo dah konek...pake deh sepuasnya..... :-))

klo blum bisa konek : yayakpolines@gmail.com / YM : yayaksmg17

Cisco Systems today announced that its Cisco Wi-Fi technology solution has been successfully deployed in conjunction with Wide Area Management Services (WAMS) at Minute Maid Park, home of the Houston Astros Major League Baseball team.
Managed and operated by Time Warner Cable-Houston, the multi-purpose Wi-Fi solution provides highly secure wireless access to fans, vendors, media and staff within the entire ballpark. The primary benefits of this innovative wireless solution include:
-- Enhancing fans' experience and enjoyment of the game -- Fans bringing Wi-Fi laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) can browse the Web and check the latest pitching and batting statistics when they subscribe to Time Warner Cable's Road Runner Speed Zone service at prices starting at $3.95 for four hours. Potential future applications will provide game snapshots from other Major League Baseball games and eCards that provide player statistics and accomplishments to fans.
-- Helping sports media to deliver the news in real-time -- Sports media covering the game can submit photos and video footage to meet publication deadlines. Since launch of this service in June, the total amount of data streamed wirelessly to news desks nationwide was upwards of 129 Gigabytes (GB).
-- Establishing a highly secure and flexible wireless network -- Minute Maid Park's Wi-Fi network has the capability to support the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11i standard, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) and many innovative Cisco network security enhancements, thus allowing fans to experience consistent, reliable, and highly secure wireless connections.
"The enterprise-class security and performance of the Cisco Wi-Fi solution, combined with world-class engineering and support from WAMS, provides Time Warner Cable with the ability to deliver a superior public Wi-Fi service to our customers," said Chuck Sweeney, vice president of Business Broadband Services, Time Warner Cable's Houston division. "Combining Cisco's technology with WAMS' expertise allows us to deploy winning wireless solutions quickly and reliably. They've helped us give baseball fans a variety of new ways to enjoy 'the old ball game.'"
Installation and deployment of the Wi-Fi solution was completed in only two weeks and just in time for its debut at the 75th Annual All-Star Game by Cisco Wireless LAN Specialization Partner WAMS. This is a significant accomplishment considering the complex roll-out that included coverage for nearly 29 acres including all fan seating areas (total seating: 40,950), restaurants, entrances and exits, and common areas.
"The Time Warner Cable team looked to us to make the technology recommendation that would meet the design, installation, network integration and RF consulting requirements of their project," said Tom Shaw, president and CEO of WAMS. "We had previous experience with the Cisco Aironet(R) wireless LAN solution and believe it to be a best-in-class product. We knew it was the right solution for Time Warner Cable's needs at Minute Maid Park now and in the future."
The capability to provide highly secure Wi-Fi access throughout Minute Maid Park was accomplished with more than 90 Cisco Aironet 1200 Series IEEE 802.11b/g Access Points (APs) offering connection speeds of up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps) and the CiscoWorks Wireless LAN Solution Engine (WLSE) for management of the Wi-Fi infrastructure. For the 100 Wi-Fi Hotspots, Cisco Catalyst Series platforms provide switching capability while Cisco Series of Access Routers connect the Cisco Aironet APs to the network.
"With the deployment of Cisco Wi-Fi technology, Time Warner Cable is benefiting from a proven, enterprise-class wireless LAN system that, with the combination of speed and security, delivers an interactive and fun experience for the fans while enhancing ball park operations," said Ann Sun, senior manager of Wireless/Mobility for Cisco Systems.
WirelessProNews articles cover getting started with wireless apps, expert advice on platforms tips, tricks, and traps, development techniques, programming methods. [http://www.webpronews.com]

HISTORY

The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP. This practice dates back to the ARPAnet era. Back then, a different system was used. The DNS was invented in 1983, shortly after TCP/IP was deployed. With the older system, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from a computer at SRI (now SRI International)[2][3]. The HOSTS.TXT file mapped numerical addresses to names. A hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems, either by default or through configurationThe domain name space

Domain names, arranged in a tree, cut into zones, each served by a nameserver.
The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Only one node or leaf in the tree has zero or more resource records, which hold information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the root zone. A DNS zone consists of a collection of connected nodes authoritatively served by an authoritative nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.)
Administrative responsibility over any zone may be divided, thereby creating additional zones. Authority is said to be delegated for a portion of the old space, usually in form of sub-domains, to another nameserver and administrative entity. The old zone ceases to be authoritative for the new zoNE

Parts of a domain name
A domain name usually consists of two or more parts (technically a label), which is conventionally written separated by dots, such as example.com.
The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain (for example, the address www.example.com has the top-level domain com).
Each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain above it. Note: “subdomain” expresses relative dependence, not absolute dependence. For example: example.com is a subdomain of the com domain, and www.example.com is a subdomain of the domain example.com. In theory, this subdivision can go down 127 levels. Each label can contain up to 63 octets. The whole domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 octets. [5] In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits.
A hostname refers to a domain name that has one or more associated IP addresses; ie: the 'www.example.com' and 'example.com' domains are both hostnames, however, the 'com' domain is not. , and allows users to specify an IP address (eg. 208.77.188.166) to use for a hostname (eg. www.example.net) without checking DNS. Systems based on a hosts file have inherent limitations, because of the obvious requirement that every time a given computer's address changed, every computer that seeks to communicate with it would need an update to its hosts file.
The growth of networking required a more scalable system that recorded a change in a host's address in one place only. Other hosts would learn about the change dynamically through a notification system, thus completing a globally accessible network of all hosts' names and their associated IP Addresses.
At the request of Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris invented the Domain Name system in 1983 and wrote the first implementation. The original specifications appear in RFC 882 and RFC 883. In November 1987, the publication of RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 updated the DNS specification and made RFC 882 and RFC 883 obsolete. Several more-recent RFCs have proposed various extensions to the core DNS protocols.
In 1984, four Berkeley students—Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou—wrote the first UNIX implementation, which was maintained by Ralph Campbell thereafter. In 1985, Kevin Dunlap of DEC significantly re-wrote the DNS implementation and renamed it BIND—Berkeley Internet Name Domain. Mike Karels, Phil Almquist and Paul Vixie have maintained BIND since then. BIND was ported to the Windows NT platform in the early 1990s.
BIND was widely distributed, especially on Unix systems, and is the dominant DNS software in use on the Internet.[4] With the heavy use and resulting scrutiny of its open-source code, as well as increasingly more sophisticated attack methods, many security flaws were discovered in BIND. This contributed to the development of a number alternative nameserver and resolver programs. BIND itself was re-written from scratch in version 9, which has a security record comparable to other modern Internet software.

STRUCTURE

The domain name space Domain names, arranged in a tree, cut into zones, each served by a nameserver.
The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Only one node or leaf in the tree has zero or more resource records, which hold information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the root zone. A DNS zone consists of a collection of connected nodes authoritatively served by an authoritative nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.)
Administrative responsibility over any zone may be divided, thereby creating additional zones. Authority is said to be delegated for a portion of the old space, usually in form of sub-domains, to another nameserver and administrative entity. The old zone ceases to be authoritative for the new zone.

Pertama-tama siapkan komputer dengan 2 lan card yaitu eth0 dan eth1.
1. Pastikan program iptables udah terinstall
2. Kemudian buka konsole
3. Hapus aturan-aturan yang sudah ada dengan perintah sebagai berikut:
iptables –flush
iptables –table nat –flush
iptables –delete-chain
iptables –table nat –delete-chain
4. Kemudian lakukan pengaturan untuk masquerade dan forwarding dengan perintah sebagai berikut:
iptables –table nat –append POSTROUTING –out-interface eth0 -j MASQUERADE
iptables –append FORWARD –in-interface eth1 -j ACCEPT
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
5. Simpan aturan firewall yang telah dibuat dengan perintah sebagai berikut:
iptables-save > /etc/firewall.conf
6. Kemudian buatlah sebuah file dengan nama iptables pada direktori /etc/network/if-up.d/iptables:
vi /etc/network/if-up.d/iptables
didalamnya ketikkan perintah:
#!/bin/sh
iptables-restore < /etc/firewall.conf echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
Kemudian simpan file tersebut
7. Berikan akses untuk eksekusi agar aturan firewall yang telah dibuat dapat digunakan sejak proses booting dengan perintah:
chmod +x /etc/network/if-up.d/iptables
8. Restart Komputer anda untuk melakukan pengetesan aturan iptables.
9. Selesai.

Vista lets you share your Internet connection with other computers on your network.Logically enough, the feature that lets you do this is called Internet Connection Sharing, which gets abbreviated to ICS.
ICS can be a great way of saving time and money: instead of needing a modem and a phone line (or a DSL or cable modem) for each computer that needs Internet connectivity, you can get by with one modem and one phone line (or the equivalent). ICS is particularly good if you have a fast Internet connection such as a DSL or a cable modem that provides enough bandwidth for several computers under normal circumstances.
Set Up the Computer That Will Share the Connection
Start with the computer that will share the Internet connection. First set up your Internet connection,and then use the Network Setup Wizard to configure the computer by taking the following steps
Create and test an Internet connection using the information in the “Connecting to the Internet”.
Click on start Right-click Network and choose Properties from the context menu. You’ll see the Network and Sharing Center window.Click the Manage Network Connection link.
You’ll see the Network Connection window.You must have a minimum of two active network connections to make ICS work. The first connection is from your computer to the Internet. The second connection is from your computer to the rest of the network.

Right-click the connection to the Internet and choose Properties from the context menu.Select the Sharing tab. You’ll see sharing options like the ones shown.Check the first option to let other people use this connection to access the Internet. If you want to also allow others to manage the connection ,check the second option.Click Settings.

You’ll see the Advanced Settings dialog box shown where you can control the services that others can use on your system.

Check the standard services that you want other people to access.lick Add to add custom services to the list. You’ll see the Service Settings dialog box . Custom services require that you provide an IP address and port umber. You can make your custom service less vulnerable by choosing a different setting for the fourth field, Internal Port number for This Service, to a different value than the external port number.Click OK to add the custom service. ICS enables the option automatically.

Click OK twice to make the ICS connection functional. Vista will ensure that the connection doesn’t have any problems such as address conflicts.

Setting Up a Client Computer
Next, set up the first of your client computers. Make sure the Internet connection is still open on thecomputer you set up to share it, and then take the following steps
Open the Internet Options applet in the Control Panel. You’ll see the Internet Properties dialog box.Select the Connections tab.
Choose the Never Dial a Connection option.Click LAN Settings to display the Local Area Network (LAN) Settings dialog box.
Check the Automatically Detect Settings and the Use Automatic Configuration Scriptoptions. Clear the Use a Proxy Server for Your LAN option. Click OK twice to changethe settings.
NOTE You may have to reboot or at least log out and then back into the system to make the connection work. Windows may not acknowledge the availability of the shared connection otherwise. [http://www.windowsreference.com]

Part of the challenge of passing the Network+ exam is learning about all the different types of hardware a network requires. Today we'll take a look at a vital part of network connectivity, the Network Interface Card (NIC, pronounced "nick").

The NIC is the device, or card, that gives the host a physical connection to the network. The NIC is generally an internal device, but one that can be removed and replaced with a different NIC. NICs are considered Physical layer devices and work at Layer 1 of the OSI model.

Most issues involving NICs occur before the device is even added to the network - because the purchaser didn't do their research. All NICs are not created equal. Some are for Ethernet networks, some for Token Ring, and speed capabilities vary as well. Don't assume a given vendor's NIC is going to fit your device and give you the results you want. A quick visit to the vendor's website and a few minutes looking up NIC specifications can save you a lot of trouble later on.

One more NIC warning - take your time when you're installing a new NIC. Make sure the device is off, and make sure you're properly grounded by connecting the grounding strap to your wrist. Otherwise, you can send static electricity into places on the host where it's only going to cause damage.

Your new NIC should also come with directions on how to download the drivers for that NIC. Drivers sound like something physical, but they're not. Drivers are simply software files that are needed on the host in order for the NIC to work correctly. Vendors used to include drivers on CDs with their NICs, but the trend now is to include instructions on where to download the drivers from the vendor website.

That does lend itself to an occasional Catch-22: "If I don't have this device on the Net yet, how can I download the drivers?" If the host has no network connectivity, you may need to download the drivers to a host that does, copy the files to CD, and then install the drivers from CD. You'll see two different lights on a typical NIC, one green and one amber. Depending on whether the host has network connectivity or not, the lights will be solid, flashing, or out. Sometimes flashing is good, sometimes it's not! Here's a guide to the colors you'll see on a NIC:

A solid green light indicates connectivity is present. This link light is generally either green or off. Green is good, off is not! That light should stay a solid green. If you see it flashing green, that's a sign of intermittent connectivity, which is a fancy way of saying "one minute the PC is on the network, the next minute it's not". Most likely, either the NIC or the cable connected to the NIC is going bad. With the green light, flashing is not desirable.

Flashing amber lights indicate collisions. You'll see this flash occasionally even on a healthy network, but you don't want to see it flash so often that it looks like a solid amber light!

If you have an Internet connection at home, you can see these lights in action for yourself. The green and amber lights will be right next to where the cable from your modem connects to your PC.

On occasion, you'll have a PC that loses connectivity to the network. I advise you to always start network troubleshooting at the Physical layer of the OSI model, and that means checking both the NIC and the cable connected to it. I personally would swap the cable out first, since they seem to go bad more often than NICs, but that's up to you. If you swap NICs and you still can't get the PC on the network, try putting a new cable in.

http://www.thebryantadvantage.com

In this general optical network tutorial you will find basic overview of the fiber optic technology, communication glossary, lan/wan cables, communication devices and the fiber optic industry trends.. Optical network is a network of the fiber optics cables in which data travels on the thin fibers at the speed of the light. Today, many ISPs, corporate offices, LANS and even home networks are connected through the fiber optics though it’s still very costly but it provides a high bandwidth and data transfer capacity. Fiber optic cables act as a backbone when they connect different ISPs with each other and in case of any breakdown or any kind of problem in the backbone results in a communication failure at very large scale. There are a large number of the fiber optic cables are involved in making the whole internet.

Fiber Optic Technology
Fiber optic technology is most popular in the telecommunication industries as well as Local Area networks. Fiber optic cable is a bundle of various cables which are thin and provides a large bandwidth. The cost of the fiber optic cables is much higher and same is the installation of the fiber optic cables. Today, a large number of the communication networks depend on the fiber optics. Fiber optics is less susceptible to the outer interference than the metal cables. CCTV network, long distance switches, central offices, subscriber’s loop careers and industrial networks use fiber optics for communication purposes. In the near future, fiber optical cables will repalce the conventional coaxial and ethernet cables for the LAN networking.

Enterprise Optical Network.
Fiber optics also provides solutions for the enterprise networking like NAS (network attached storage) and SAN (storage area network). A NAS is a server that is used to data sharing in a network. NAS allows more hard disk storage space to be added to a network. A NAS device does not require to be attached to the server directly and it can be placed anywhere in the network. A NAS can be made up of two or more NAS and being a part of a network, the network user can access it from anywhere in the LAN. NAS is an efficient way of storage and file sharing. Fiber optics provide more efficiency and reliability in the NAS performance by providing more bandwidth and data capacity. SAN is a subnet of the shared storage devices in a LAN or a WAN. Fiber optics provide more high speed connectivity and speed among the SAN in a LAN or WAN.

Optical Network Devices
Fiber optic devices are in use in a number of ways like Networking, storage, industrial, medical, defense, broadcasting, telecommunication systems.Optical testers are designed for a variety of measurements and tests with a single meter.Attenuators are designed for single mode applications, multimode applications and for attenuation settings.Fiber Optic connectors are used to connect a fiber with another fiber or equipment. There are different types of connectors are being used today such as SMA, FC and SC connectors.
Optical Switch is a handheld device for calibration sets and measurements automation.
Optical Routers connects twisted pair LONWORK notes to the fiber optic backbones or subnets. They also re-routes the data automatically due to power failure of fiber break.

Major Optical Network Terms
Adaptor: It is a device for connecting two or connectors.

ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber lines is a most common form of the

DSLAmplifier: It is a device that is used to amplify the signals without destroying the original wave shapes.

ATM: An abbreviation for the asynchronous transfer mode.

Attenuation: The reduction of the optical power as it passes through the fiber optic.

Attenuation: A device that is used to reduce the signal power in a fiber optic.

Backbone: Backbone is a high speed telecommunication network.

Bandwidth: The capacity of the medium.

Base band: A simplest method of the transmission in the LANS.

Biconic Connector: A type of the fiber optic connector.

Bit: An electrical pulse that carry signals.

Bandwidth: Capability of dealing with high speed, high capacity data transmission.

Cable: One or more fibers enclosed in the protecting covering.

CATV: An abbreviation of the community Antenna television of cable TV.

Coax: An abbreviation of the coaxial cable.

COMSAT: Communication satellite.

Coupler: A device that is used to distribute the power between two or more ports.

CWDM: Course wavelength division multiplexing.

Detector: Converts fiber signals into the electrical signals.

Duplex: The simultaneous operations of a circuit in both directions in a communication network.

FDDN: Fiber data distribution network.

Fiber optic modems: Used for sending and receiving data.

Fiber Storage: High speed network technology used for storage.

MT Connector: Multi fiber connector used to hold 24 fibers.

ODS: Optical data storage.

PHY: Known as physical layer device.

POF: Plastic optical fiber.

Port: Connection point.

PTO: Public telecommunication operators.

RFI: Radio frequency interface.

SONET: Synchronous optical network.

TDM: Time division multiplexing.

Trunk: quit that connects two switching centers.

X Band: Frequency ranges between 8.0 to 8.4 GHz.

In this tutorial you will learn get the basic introduction to network devices such as nic adapters, routers, hubs, switches, modems, communication cables, lan/wan routers, gateway and other devices. A network is consists of a larger number of the communication devices. The simplest device that is used in the communication is the NIC adapter which is attached with the every computer in a network. If you want to build a LAN, you will need to have computers, hubs, switches, network adapters, UTP/STP cables, routers, internal/external modems, connectors, cable testers and clipping tool.
On the other hand if you need to build WAN, you will need to have routers, switches, dedicated or leased telephone lines such as ISDN lines, frame relay connection and other types of wan communication connections. There are different communication mediums such as Ethernet cables, copper wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, leased telephone lines and ever air is also a communication medium for the satellite communication. The most common networking medium is the LAN is the Ethernet cable (UTP/STP), which is used in the star topology. Hub is a central device of a network and every computer in a network is directly connected with the hub.

If the hub fails to work, the communication between the computers stops till the hub again starts working. Hub broadcasts the data to its every port, and then finding the destined computer, the data sent toward it. The switch is an advance form of the hub similar in functions but the advanced switches has a switching table in them. A advanced switch stores the MAC address of every attached computer and the data is only sent to the destined computer, unlike the hubs where data is sent to all ports. A router is a key device in the internet communication and wan communication system. A router has software called routing table and the source and destination addresses are stored in the routing table.

A router connects two logically and physically different networks. Router finds the IP address of the next hop (next router) and the data is sent toward it and so on. The well known routers developing companies are Cisco systems, Nortel, DLink and others. Every ISP, banks, corporate offices and multinational companies use routers for LAN and WAN communications and communication in their private networks. A gateway can be device or software in a network.
A gateway device connects the LAN with the internet. A gateway is directly exposed to the internet so it should be securely configured and in and out traffic should be monitored. If you are using DSL connection, you must need a DSL modem in your network. The telephone line is connected with the DSL modem and UTP/STP cable attaches your computer with the DSL modem. Modems are the devices that are used to modulate and demodulate the data. They convert analogue signals to digital and digital signals to analogue so that signals can travel on the telephone lines.

There are certain types of the cables that are used to connect two or more computers in a network. Fiber optic cable acts as a backbone between the ISPs and corporate offices. Data travels at the speed of light on the fiber optic cables. The cost and the installation cost of the fiber optic cable is very high but it is becoming very popular in the home networking and LANs also. In the local area networking, 10baseT/CAT5 cable is most commonly in use.
A server is a computer in network that provides services to the client computers such as logon requests processing, files access and storage, internet access, printing access and many other types of services. Servers are mostly equipped with extra hardware such as plenty of external memory (RAM), more data store capacity (hard disks), high processing speed and other features. [www.networktutorials.info]

How to Configure a Network
In this section you will learn how to configure a network, peer to peer, client server, workstation, server, basic data communication.

Peer to Peer network model
Before configuring a computer network, you have to decide that, which networking model you require. There are two main types of network models. Peer to peer and client-server network model. In the peer to peer network model you simply use the same Workgroup for all the computers and a unique name for each computer.
Additionally, you will have to give a unique IP address of the same class A, B, or C for all the computers in your network and its related subnet mask e.g if you decide to use class A IP address for your three computers in your Peer to Peer network then your IP address/Subnet mask settings can be as follows.

Computer Name IP Address Subnet Mask Workgroup
PC1 100.100.100.1 255.0.0.0 Officenetwork

PC2 100.100.100.2 255.0.0.0 Officenetwork

PC3 100.100.100.3 255.0.0.0 Officenetwork

Please note that the above example is for only illustration purpose so you can choose any IP address, computer name and workgroup name of your interest.
For doing this right click on My Computer and then click Properties then go to the Network Identification section and set these.
In a peer to peer network all computers acts as a client because there is not centralized server. Peer to peer network is used where not security is required in the network.

If a computer fails to work then all other computers work normally in peer to peer network.

Client/Server Network Model
In the client/server network model a computer plays a centralized role and is known as a server all other computers in the network are known as clients. All client computers access the server simultaneously for files, database, docs, spreadsheets, web pages and resources like hard diver, printer, fax modem, CD/DVD ROM and others. In other words, all the client computes depends on the server and if server fails to respond or crash then networking/communication between the server and the client computes stops.

If you want to configure a client-server network model then first prepare the server. Install Windows 2000 or Windows 2003 Server from the CD on the server computer and make a domain. You can create a domain by this command on the Run “DCPROMO”. You can give this command once you install the server successfully. After you give the DCPROMO command you will be asked for a unique domain name. All the client computers will use the same unique domain name for becoming the part of this domain. This command will install the active directory on the server, DNS and other required things. A step by step wizard will run and will guide you for the rest of the steps. Make sure that a network cable is plugged in the LAN card of the server when you run the DCPROMO.exe command.

When the Active directory is properly installed on the server, restart the server. You can create network users on the server computer and also name/label the network resources like computers/printers etc.

Once you install the server successfully now come to the client computers. Install Windows 2000 professional on your all client computers. Once you install the Windows 2000 professional on the clients the next step is to make this computer (client computer) a part of the network.

Configuration Steps
1. Choose a unique name for each client computer

2. Choose unique IP address for each computer and relevant.

3. Use the same domain name for all client PCs.
Network/System administrators are required to do these administrative tasks on the server and client computers. Any shared resources on the network either on the server or the clients can be access through the My Network Places in the Windows 2000 platform. There is another way to connect to the shared resources by giving this command in the run \\ComputerName\SharedDriveLetter.
Network configurations steps can be implemented by right clicking the My Computer>Properties>
For giving the IP address you will have to right click on the My Network places>properties>Local Area Connection>Properties>Internet Protocols (TCP/IP)>Properties and then give the IP address and subnet mask of the same range and class for all the computers in the network.

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